Case studies are a widely used learning and assessment tool in business, look at here management, economics, and social sciences. They present real or realistic organizational problems and require students to analyze situations, evaluate alternatives, and recommend solutions. One of the most trusted and systematic approaches for analyzing case studies is the Harvard Analysis Framework, developed and popularized by Harvard Business School. This framework provides a step-by-step structure that helps students move from understanding a problem to making well-supported recommendations. This article explains the key steps of the Harvard Analysis Framework and how each step contributes to effective case study analysis.
The first and most critical step in the Harvard Analysis Framework is careful reading and comprehension of the case. At this stage, the objective is not to jump to conclusions but to understand the context, background, and facts presented.
Students should read the case multiple times. The first reading gives a general overview, while subsequent readings help identify important details such as the company’s industry, goals, challenges, stakeholders, and time frame. Highlighting key facts, financial figures, and statements made by decision-makers can be helpful. Understanding the case thoroughly ensures that later analysis is based on accurate information rather than assumptions.
Once the case is understood, the next step is to identify the core problem. This is often the most challenging part because cases usually describe several issues at once. However, the Harvard framework emphasizes focusing on the main decision or challenge the organization is facing.
The core problem should be stated clearly and concisely, i thought about this often in one or two sentences. It should be framed as a decision that needs to be made, not as a symptom. For example, declining sales may be a symptom, while ineffective marketing strategy may be the core problem. Correctly identifying the central issue ensures that the analysis stays focused and relevant.
After identifying the problem, the Harvard framework recommends conducting a systematic analysis using appropriate business models and theories. The choice of tools depends on the nature of the case.
Common analytical tools include:
These tools help evaluate both internal and external factors affecting the organization. The analysis should be logical and evidence-based, using facts from the case rather than general opinions. This step forms the backbone of the Harvard approach, as strong analysis leads to credible recommendations.
Once the situation has been analyzed, the next step is to develop possible alternatives. The Harvard Analysis Framework stresses that good decision-making involves considering multiple options rather than settling on the first idea.
Typically, two to four realistic alternatives are presented. Each alternative should be feasible within the organization’s resources and constraints. For example, a company facing market competition may consider cost leadership, differentiation, market expansion, or strategic partnerships. Listing alternatives shows critical thinking and demonstrates that the decision-maker has explored different paths before choosing one.
After identifying alternatives, the framework requires a comparative evaluation of each option. a knockout post This step involves weighing the pros and cons of every alternative using clear criteria.
Common evaluation criteria include:
This step ensures that the final decision is not biased or emotional but
